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محیط انحصاری
Accounting for the system of actor certification allows us to differentiate learning dynamics in monopolistic settings from those in negotiated/consensual settings, while taking care to distinguish between absolute and delegated authority.
Table 25.2 Dynamics of policymaking in monopolistic settings (concentrated authority)
Table 25.2 outlines the relationship between homogeneity of the group interest and the level of ignorance surrounding policy issues in monopolistic settings.
Unlike Table 25.1, it is not helpful to consider political contestation in monopolistic settings because important actors are politically aligned as a single coalition.
Unlike negotiated settings, bricolage and layering are typically avoided in monopolistic settings because monopolistic settings often employ dictatorial or majoritarian rulesets (Scharpf, 1997).
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